Kidney Stones: Causes and Treatment
What kidney stones are, why they form, the symptoms, and how they are treated and prevented.
Last updated: 2026-09-24
Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form within the kidney. They cause pain primarily when they move into the narrow ureter draining the kidney.
Symptoms
- Severe, cramping flank pain that may move towards the groin
- Blood in the urine
- Nausea and vomiting
- Burning on urination
Causes and prevention
Concentrated urine from inadequate fluid intake is a leading driver, particularly in hot climates. High salt intake and a very high-oxalate diet also contribute. Drinking enough water to keep urine pale is the single most effective preventive measure.
Frequently asked questions
Can kidney stones cause kidney failure?
Repeated stones, obstruction or infection can damage the kidneys over time, but most stones do not lead to failure when treated promptly.
Do I need to cut calcium?
Not without medical advice. Moderate dietary calcium is actually protective against stones in most people.